2024 edition curated by DOPO? and Milano Mediterranea

Milano Re-Mapped Summer Festival is an interdisciplinary festival of Pirelli HangarBicocca organized with the involvement of independent cultural collectives based in Milan, and dedicated to contemporary languages: performing arts, dance, music, poetry, and video.
The two evenings of the third edition, July 10 and 11, are curated by two independent cultural and artistic Milanese centers, DOPO? and Milano Mediterranea.

DOPO? and Milano Mediterranea are two cultural organizations rooted in the territory and dedicated to creative research focused on inclusion, participation, and collective reflection on contemporaneity. The two teams were selected by Pirelli HangarBicocca for their cultural role, expressed through the research on contemporary languages, the activation of relationships with communities, and the promotion of shared practices.

For the third edition of Milano Re-Mapped Summer Festival, they present a rich, diffuse program of performances, choreographies, collective works, readings, screenings, live concerts, and DJ sets, featuring local and international artists who experiment with the languages of the body, sound, gesture and poetry. Their work includes a critical reflection on the connections between social issues, artistic work and urban spaces, the relationship between dominant cultures and marginal communities, the possibility of bringing forth new perspectives and new spaces of expression through the encounter between different cultures, geographies, and artistic practices.

The festival is an expression of the Milano Re-Mapped research project, carried out by Pirelli HangarBicocca together with the University of Milano-Bicocca and with the support of Fondazione Cariplo, curated by Giovanna Amadasi and Marianna D’Ovidio.

The festival aims to enhance organizations capable of connecting different artists, languages, places, and audiences, exploring new circuits and modes of artistic and cultural fruition.

Free admission. Reservations are recommended and guarantee immediate access. Gates open at 7.00 PM.

Pirelli HangarBicocca Members have guaranteed access without a reservation by presenting their Membership Card at the entrance.

Media partner: Zero.

PROGRAM

Event Special Projects

JULY 10-11, FROM 7.30 PM TILL 12.30 AM

MILANO RE-MAPPED SUMMER FESTIVAL 2024

10 July 7.30 PM – 00.30 AM
Program curated by DOPO?

7.30 PM: Claudio Larena | Calcinacci
Performance – part 1

8.10 PM: Murmur | Readings
Collective lecture performance

8.30 PM: Camilla Montesi | Caronte
Contemporary dance solo

9.10 PM: Murmur | Readings
With Allison Grimaldi Donahue and Beatrice Zito

9.50 PM: Katerina Andreou | Mourn Baby Mourn
Visual and sound choreography

10.40 PM: Claudio Larena | Calcinacci
Performance – part 2

11.00 PM: Slipmode | DJ set
With Silv-o and ninafterdark

7.30 – 11 PM: Video projection in the lab curated by Murmur
Ben Fama, Kyle Dacuyan, Allison Grimaldi Donahue | My Phone the ultimate performative tool: poetry in three acts (25’ - loop)
Beatrice Zito | Il buio è dolce (7’30’’ - loop)

11 July 7.30 PM – 00.30 AM
Program curated by Milano Mediterranea

7.30 - 11.00 PM: Soukaina Abrour & Serpica Naro | This is not the End. It’s the beginning of new life. Never Forget Never Forgive.
Sewing-based collective creation workshop

7.30 PM: Seifeddine Manai | M.A.K.T.O.U.B
SOLO physical dance theater PERFORMANCE

8.30 PM: Ismael Condoii & Noura Tafeche | Mijwiz-Siku-Siku-Mijwiz
Narrative-sound performance

9.45 PM: Bassam Abou Diab | Eternal
Participatory dance performance

11.00 PM: Ghoula | Live set
Live set with dance performance

10 JULY - DETAILED PROGRAM

The curatorial framework is intimately linked to the generative tension that gave birth to DOPO?: a critical questioning of the "permanent structural instability" of lives that is increasingly amplified - and normalized - in settings dominated by neoliberal policies. Within this condition, work plays a crucial role, no longer understood as a social role, but as a form of occupation of bodies and lives.
Through interventions that alternate between movement-based actions and spoken word performances, the program navigates through this issue, interpreting it in different, complementary, sometimes even opposing forms and nuances: anxiety about the future, pain and care (both individual and collective), acceptance and adaptation as opposed to desire.

[Texts curated by DOPO?]

DOPO?

DOPO? comes from an idea of Bianca Felicori/Forgotten Architecture, Carlotta Franco, Fosbury Architecture, Gabriele Leo, Grazia Mappa, Parasite 2.0, and Salvatore Peluso. The project revolves around the creation of a shared, hybrid cultural workspace in Milan's Corvetto neighborhood, where it was established in 2022.
DOPO? is an attempt at a critical and contemporary reinterpretation of the concept of “after-work”: it is an archive, a library, an exhibition space, a laboratory, a place of research, and a place of work. Creative work with its social, economic, and cultural implications is at the center of DOPO?'s projects.
DOPO? gives a shape and a frame to a goal: to nurture a critical discourse in architecture through the union of purpose. Space is a “fluid box” capable of generating new flows, networks of connections, and cultural debates.

7.30 PM and 10.40 PM - Claudio Larena

Claudio Larena

7.30 and 10.40 PM Calcinacci
Performance

Calcinacci is a performance involving body and language. It shows a young worker engaged in the construction of a wall. The score for the performance transforms this artisanal practice into a choreographic, compositional and dramaturgical device. The narrative construction is based on the materiality of the gestures and their intention, which, through repetition, abstraction and suspension, become symbols of a complex and contradictory relationship: the wall becomes a metaphor for the construction of the self and one's role in society, a construction that sometimes we are proud of, while at other times it seems impossible to complete.

Claudio Larena is an artist, craftsman and performer who moves between the languages of installation, dance and performance in contemporary theater, performance and visual art settings. His research has always spanned a variety of formats, from urban performance to stage writing, from spoken word performance to choreographic research. Trained as a craftsman, he often questions the nature of objects, their meanings, and the physical, historical, or conceptual relationship that arises from the way we interact with them.

7.30 – 11 PM; 8.10 PM and 9.10 PM - Murmur

Murmur

7.30 – 11 PM: Video projection inside reading room
Ben Fama, Kyle Dacuyan, Allison Grimaldi Donahue | My Phone the ultimate performative tool: poetry in three acts
2024 (25’ - loop)
Beatrice Zito | Il buio è dolce
2024 (7’30’’ - loop)

For the Milano Re-Mapped festival, the curators of the Murmur collective, Maria Luce Cacciaguerra and Greta Sugar, have engaged the three American poets Ben Fama, Kyle Dacuyan, Allison Grimaldi Donahue, and the Italian artist and poet Beatrice Zito. Their contribution will include looped projections inside Pirelli HangarBicocca's reading room, in which the three poets film themselves with their phones as they declaim texts they have written. Beatrice Zito investigates the evolution of a dialogue.

8.10 PM: Readings - Collective lecture performance
9.10 PM: Readings - With Allison Grimaldi Donahue and Beatrice Zito

Murmur brings to the spaces of Pirelli HangarBicocca two moments of recollection and reading that will alternate during the festival hours. At 8.10 PM, the guests of a poetry workshop that Greta Sugar and Maria Luce Cacciaguerra organized in early July 2024 will be invited to read the results of a collective and choral work whose theme will be work time and free time. A reading by Allison Grimaldi Donahue and Beatrice Zito will follow at 9.10 PM.

Murmur is sound, reading, wind. Murmur is the words you have forgotten. Founded in the winter of 2022 by Maria Luce Cacciaguerra and Greta Sugar, Murmur is a poetry collective born from the idea of returning to the art of poetry through encounter. Murmur brings together the linguistic, sound and visual research of artists, thinkers and anyone who cares about poetry. It invites us to start again from the exchange of texts, to enter into a dialog, a debate, to work on words. The collective organizes poetry readings and workshops.

Ben Fama is a writer based in New York City. He is the author of Deathwish (Newest York, 2019), Fantasy (Ugly Duckling Presse, 2015), and the chapbooks Odalisque (Bloof, 2014), Cool Memories (Spork, 2013), New Waves (Minutes Books, 2011), and Aquarius Rising (Ugly Duckling Presse 2010). He is also the author of the artist's book Mall Witch (Wonder, 2012). His last novel, If I Close My Eyes, was published by Sarka Publishing last fall. He is the co-founder of Wonder.

Kyle Dacuyan is a writer and a performer. From 2018 he served as Executive Director of The Poetry Project at St. Mark’s in NYC. He is the recipient of the 2023 Cy Twombly Award in Poetry from the Foundation for Contemporary Arts, as well as of the 2021 Fellowship in Creative Writing from the National Endowment for the Arts. Dad Rock premiered at The Shed in June 2024. His first book, INCITEMENTS, is forthcoming from Ugly Duckling Presse.

Allison Grimaldi Donahue is the author of Body to Mineral (Publication Studio Vancouver, 2016) and the co-author of On Endings (Delere Press, 2019). She is the translator of Carla Lonzi’s Self-portrait (Divided, 2021) and Blown Away (Fomite, 2021) by Vito M. Bonito. Her writings and translations have appeared in The Brooklyn Rail, Words Without Borders, Mousse, BOMB, NERO, and Tripwire, and she has recently performed at Kunsthalle Bern, Cabaret Voltaire, MACRO, Luci d’Artista Torino, and Short Theatre Rome. She lives in Bologna.

Beatrice Zito (Pescara, 1997) is an artist and writer. In 2021, with Edoardo Montaccini, they founded tetau, an artistic duo active in the field of visual research. Her research concerns the relationship between text and image as a space of friction with reality, including visual and audiovisual recordings as collections of traces that tend toward fragmentariness. Here, devices and objects are seen from an animistic perspective: within its own blackboxing, each media technology retains a form of intimacy.

8.30 PM - Camilla Montesi

Camilla Montesi

8.30 PM Caronte
Contemporary dance solo

Caronte is a contemporary dance solo that attempts to deconstruct the image of hell as an otherworldly place. The mythological figure of Charon, a symbol of transition and crossing, is given an additional quality of fragility: he thus becomes the embodiment of an ironic acceptance of the anxiety caused by what remains invisible. With precise gestures, combined with humor and popular reminiscences, the performance unfolds as a journey around the theme of fear. The "iron-hued skiff" becomes an inflatable pool in which one can reflect oneself and then be swept away.

Camilla Montesi is a dancer and choreographer from Italy. Since 2014 she has collaborated with renowned institutions such as Compagnia Zappalà Danza, DNA by Elisa Pagani, Compagnia della Quarta and Teatro Comunale di Bologna. At the same time, she has developed her own practice and, in 2021, founded Etre, a collective that promotes dance in the Marche region, occupying public and historical spaces that have not yet been used for performance. Her language is constantly evolving, nourished by her passion for cinema and literature, in search of natural ways of bending the body, of its dynamism and expression.

9.50 PM - Katerina Andreou

Katerina Andreou

9.50 PM Mourn Baby Mourn
Visual and sound choreography

Following the traditional idea that mourning or lamenting is essentially a female activity, and serves to express both individual and collective grief, Mourn Baby Mourn is a choreographic and sound piece that is also an intimate manifesto. It unfolds against the backdrop of an everyday state of mind that closely resembles sadness and frustration. Mourn Baby Mourn serves as a warning sign, an attempt to overcome melancholy by hitting the wall with all one's strength, loudness and uncertainty.

Katerina Andreou was born in Athens and lives in France. Her work is based on the development of hybrid techniques that explore the boundaries between the "wild" body and the "prepared" body, i.e. a body that has been physically transformed according to the demands of the action. Using training techniques that range from freestyle to boxing and other competitive disciplines, Andreou acquires practical mastery in the execution of repeated, basic patterns (physical, emotional, visual, and mental), with a preference for their repetitive, dry, contemplative quality. She received the Prix Jardin d'Europe choreography award at the ImpulsTanz Festival in 2016 for the solo A Kind of Fierce. Before Mourn Baby Mourn (2022), she created the solo BSTRD (2018) and the duo Zeppelin Bend (2021) with Natali Mandila. She is associate artist at the Centre Chorégraphique National de Caen en Normandie for the years 2022-2024.

11.00 PM - Slipmode

Slipmode

11.00 PM DJ set
With Silv-o & ninafterdark

Nina Schutz (ninafterdark), co-founder of Slipmode, will present an atmospheric, evocative DJ set that blends samples of recordings of traditional Somali songs and poetry with nostalgic edits and ambient sounds. Silv-o is a London-based composer and artist whose work exists between music, sound design, audiovisual art and performance. He released his first EP, M32, this year on DJ Python's Worldwide Unlimited label. He has previously collaborated with multidisciplinary artist Klein, produced a release on Curl Recordings by Coby Sey and Mica Levi, and performed for Mark Leckey's exhibition O Magic Power Of Bleakness at Tate Britain. Silv-o will close the evening with a set of experimental ambient compositions, enhanced by club influences and his own productions.

Slipmode is a multi-disciplinary collective founded to connect emerging creative figures within more inclusive spaces. It consists of “participatory cores”, i.e. thematic groups led by community members (and other figures), each exploring different topics through workshops and self-education events.

11 JULY - DETAILED PROGRAM

«May this new decade be remembered as the decade of the strange path, of the third way, of the broken binary, of the traversal disruption, the kairotic moment, the posthuman movement for emancipation, the gift of disorientation that opened up new places of power, and of slow limbs.
May this decade bring more than just solutions, more than just a future - may it bring words we don't know yet, and temporalities we have not yet inhabited. May we be slower than speed could calculate, and swifter than the pull of the gravity of words can incarcerate. And may we be visited so thoroughly, and met in wild places so overwhelmingly, that we are left undone. Ready for composting. Ready for the impossible. Welcome to the decade of the fugitive».
Bayo Akomolafe

On the second day of the Milano Re-Mapped Summer Festival, Milano Mediterranea proposes an artistic journey between non-linear time dimensions and unprecedented geographies: a «strange path», in the words of the thinker Bayo Akomolafe, traced to usher in a new time. A time that exposes the fiction of the race for progress. A time that opens up inaccessible routes, where a «post-human movement for emancipation» becomes possible.
A time that is embodied in the works presented, where the artistic practices of women artists from the Milanese underground cultural production, such as Soukaina Abrour in collaboration with the activist seamstress collective formed by Serpica Naro, Noura Tafeche and Ismael Condoii, are sewn up into a single fabric, in dialogue with some of the leading artists of contemporary cultural production living in the diaspora, from Lebanon to Tunisia, including Bassam Abou Diab, Seifeddine Manai and Wael Jegham aka "Ghoula". A journey that will alternate lecture performances, group listening activities, collective works that will be stitched together over the course of the evening, choreography and music, stitching together a tapestry that reveals a design of subtle rupture, poised between resistance and vision, disorientation and grounding, where thoughts go «faster than the gravitational force of words can imprison».
A time when we build tools to equip ourselves for the impossible to come.
«Welcome to the decade of the fugitive».

[Texts curated by Milano Mediterranea]

Milano Mediterranea

Milano Mediterranea is the curatorial project of the Italo-Tunisian collective CORPS CITOYEN and is defined as a decolonial participatory art center working in Milan's Giambellino neighborhood.
Its purpose is to open a space in Milan aimed at an artistic generation born from the diasporas that have marked the Mediterranean - and global - space and that has made a political and artistic posture out of this path of identity research.
In four years of work in the city, Milano Mediterranea has supported this generation through artistic residencies and participatory paths and practices, in close relationship with the neighborhood, and a biennial festival, Twiza, where an artistic community rooted in Milan converges and meets with a broader and international one, creating synergies, collisions, and hybridizations in search of new cultural, linguistic and political geographies.

7.30 – 11.00 PM - Soukaina Abrour & Serpica Naro

Soukaina Abrour & Serpica Naro

7.30 – 11.00 PM This is not the End. It's the beginning of new life. Never Forget Never Forgive.
Sewing-based collective creation workshop
Conceived and led by Soukaina Abrour and the Serpica Naro collective

This workshop proposes the collective creation of a banner for future urban demonstrations, seen as gathering places for politicized and collective bodies, the last public space where non-individual political expression can be heard - a space that is in danger.
The banner, made from recycled materials with the help of the public, will be a powerful statement capable of drawing people's attention to vital issues such as the end of Western imperialism at the expense of the Global South.
The aim is to spark a debate on collective language and epistemic violence in relation to the dialectics of the production, circulation and recognition of culture in the Western imperial system, with the aim of developing a new concept of collectivity based on the willingness to listen and trust people.
Once completed, the banner will be displayed and taken through the streets of the city: a performative, collective, celebratory, destructive, generative, dangerous and liberating project.
A project about dissent, resistance, love of life and liberation.

Soukaina Abrour (Morocco, 1997) raised in Italy since 2000, graduated from the Academy of Fine Arts in Venice. Her research investigates the construction of the self in the human and non-human multitudes, past and future, through fabulation and its materialization in new forms. In 2022 she participated with BJCEM in a residency for Procida Capital of Culture, In 2023 she won the Agitu Ideo Gudeta Fellowship, conceived by Razzismo Brutta Storia, BHMF and Centrale Fies, the residency with Milano Mediterranea and participated in the FAROUT Festival at BASE Milano.

San Precario generated an anagram of his name: “Serpica Naro”, embodied as an Anglo-Japanese female virtual fashion designer. As a new patron saint of workers, Serpica Naro occupied the center of a memorable hoax against Milan’s Fashion Week in 2005 where she managed to get a catwalk and media coverage as a real fashion designer. At this event Serpica Naro condemned the conditions of precarious workers within the Italian fashion industry and has been working since on the concept of open-source brand and empowerment concerning the subjectivity of workers in the creative industries.
Functioning as both a fictional individual and collective artist group, Serpica Naro mixes theory, practice, crafts and organization for events, workshops, and exhibitions in various institutions and social spaces in Italy and abroad.

7.30 PM - Seifeddine Manai

Seifeddine Manai

7.30 PM M.A.K.T.O.U.B
SOLO Physical dance theater PERFORMANCE
Choreography/Performer: Seifeddine Manai
Musica: Steezy Wonder Composition / inspiration Dhafer Youssef & Charles Bukowski

«Only destiny remains the dimension that eludes us».
This unavoidable variable, which opens a breach, an escape, of the Uncontrollable.
How can one draw inspiration from this notion to confront this world of certainty?
How do we propose?
This debate constructs a body without organs that we will call
Non-human Body / Empty body devoid of sensitivity.
What am I today, tomorrow, and the day after tomorrow? And after... M.A.K.T.O.U.B

Seifeddine Manai is a multi-talented artist, excelling as a choreographer, performer, director, and dramatist. From a young age, he developed a passion for the world of dance. After receiving stage training with the Sybel Ballet Théâtre Company. More recently, he created a solo performance titled M.A.K.T.O.U.B. In addition to his career as a dancer, Seifeddine Manai founded the company Brotha from Another Motha, which has participated in various projects across Europe and the world. The company has collaborated with different European cultural institutions, including a residency at the French Academy in Rome, Villa Medici, in 2011, as well as being invited to the Lyon Dance Biennale and collaborating with Aterballetto controllare sia nome giusto, the Italian ballet. They also received support from the French Institute in Paris for a tour across the African continent and engaged in Mediterranean exchange Programs. Between 2011 and 2023, Seifeddine Manai continued various artistic collaborations and explorations in Italy, Spain, and France.

8.30 PM - Ismael Condoii & Noura Tafeche

Ismael Condoii & Noura Tafeche

8.30 PM Mijwiz-Siku-Siku-Mijwiz
Narrative-sound performance

This performance will explore the collective dimension at the core of indigenism through sounds, anecdotes and textual excerpts.
Language, understood as fluid, non-formal matter, is used in a complementary way to describe the complexity of a sound phenomenon that touches the emotional sphere and inspires the creation of alternative images.
Mijwiz-Siku is the semantic combination of this other dimension, in which two wind instruments challenge the idea of universalism and empower the audience to rely on the narratives of the performers.

Ismael Condoii, known as Condoii, is an eclectic Italian-Ecuadorian DJ and sound artist. His research focuses on the musical influences of his South American origins, exploring the deep connections between native and neo-tribal sounds. Through his artistic practice, Condoii bridges the gap between different cultures, focusing on the encounters, intersections, and exchanges that result from migrations.
A member of the Kirykou collective and co-founder of Doña Valentina (an independent label based in Milan and focusing on emerging sounds and global clubbing), Condoii is also a promoter of eclectic cultural events. His projects aim to celebrate multiculturalism and modernity, reflecting the density of cultural diversity.
His artistic practice is not only a sound experience, but a journey that aims to expand the aesthetics of gathering.

Noura Tafeche is a visual artist, independent researcher, and onomaturge.
She graduated in New Technologies for Art from the Brera Academy, with a particular focus on the field of net art and radical entertainment.
Her artistic journey unfolds through laboratory methods and practices, video, installation, onomaturgy and miniature drawing.
Her research areas delve into the study of phenomena related to online visual cultures, the aestheticization of violence on digital platforms, linguistic experimentation, and the visual representation of speculative imagery .
She has exhibited, given lectures, and conducted laboratories at Transmediale (Berlin), Disruption Network Lab (Berlin), Aarhus Kunsthal (Aarhus), Design Museum (Helsinki), Foto Colectania (Barcelona), Tainan Art Museum (Tainan), Fondazione Sandretto Rebaudengo (Guarene), Tomorrow Maybe (Hong Kong), Place Ville Marie (Montreal), Triennale Milano (Milan), Almanac Inn (Turin), John Cabot University (Rome), Dutch Art Institute (Arnhem), Institute of Network Cultures (Amsterdam), Stevenson Gallery (Baltimore), and the European Union Representative Centre (Al Quds, Palestine).

9.45 PM - Bassam Abou Diab

Bassam Abou Diab

9.45 PM Eternal
Participatory dance performance
Choreography and text: Bassam Abou Diab
Music: Ayman Sharaf El Dine, Eyad Ayyas
Production: Beirut Physical Lab

A dancing body has the ability to become a rebellious element against a radical political system. Eternal focuses on the body during the Arab Spring, a political movement that opposes existing social and political systems in the Middle East and North Africa.
During protests, symbolic gestures are generated, dance movements that have an unconscious powerful influence on individuals present in the uprising. Rhythmic synchronized movements are created against the opposing authority. What if these gestures are abstracted from their context? What is their relation with the music, the cheers, and the revolutionary chants?
In the performance, Bassam discusses the relationship he has with his “Big Brother”’ and presents rebellious dance sequences he created to stand against his brother’s authority.

Bassam Abou Diab began his professional journey as an actor and a dancer in traditional Lebanese dance, earning a bachelor's degree in acting and theater. Transitioning seamlessly into contemporary dance, he danced for several years with Maqamat Dance Company.
He created Alterations, Palestinian Karma, and co-created Imprints,Incontro, Meeting Point, and Who Cares.
He pursued a master degree in actor formation, focusing on "Arabic religious Rituals in physical theater," which laid the foundation for choreographed pieces like The Siege/L'Assedio in Italy and Home in New York. Internationally acclaimed, he toured with performances like Under the Flesh, Of What I Remember, Eternal, and Pina my Love.
In 2021, he founded the Beirut Physical Lab, dedicated to supporting emerging artists in contemporary dance and physical theater through training, performances, and global artistic collaborations.

11.00 PM - Ghoula

Ghoula

11.00 PM Live set
Live set with dance performance
Music: Ghoula
On stage: Rabii Brahim
Masks: Sim Marek

Ghoula’s musical project skilfully fuses rare vinyl samples from the Maghreb with sounds that combine hip hop and electronic music (Pop, D&B, Jungle, AcidTechno).
The producer, composer and musician has established himself as an emblematic artist of the Tunisian alternative scene, combining his North African musical heritage with beatmaking culture.
Whether as a duo or a trio, each Ghoula performance represents a descent into the soul of North Africa, capturing the raw energy and cultural diversity of the region.
For this live show, Ghoula teams up with talented musicians (nay, qanun, oud, violin) for the duo format, and completes the trio with the exceptional participation of a masked dancer. This scenic journey is enhanced by spellbinding fusions, intoxicating vocals, hypnotic beats, ethereal bells and propulsive synths, creating an immersive and dynamic atmosphere.
Onstage, Ghoula sits atop a mountain of bass, inviting the audience to climb with him in a cavalcade of acid, trance, and break beats.

Ghoula was born in Hammam Sousse, Tunisia, and discovered his passion for music as a child. Encouraged by his father, he began to learn the piano at the local conservatory, but this didn't stop him from exploring other self-taught instruments, such as the bass, the guitar and the tunisian guembri. Ghoula has worked for over 10 years in film post-production and advertising, as a music composer, sound engineer and sound designer. In 2019, he was awarded the RFI Instrumental Prize. He is continuing this career alongside his Ghoula project, having recently composed the soundtrack for the film Elle Danse (2024) by Wall Sghaier, as well as synchronizing the music from his first album Hlibel Ghoula, in the documentary Banlieue (2023), produced by TV channel France 3.